ইংরেজি ব্যাকরণে ভয়েস (Voice)

ইংরেজি ব্যাকরণে ভয়েস হলো ক্রিয়ার (Verb) এমন একটি রূপ যা নির্দেশ করে যে বাক্যের কর্তা কাজটি নিজে করছে, নাকি কাজটি তার উপর করা হচ্ছে। ইংরেজিতে দুই ধরনের ভয়েস আছে:

১. অ্যাকটিভ ভয়েস (Active Voice)

অ্যাকটিভ ভয়েসে, কর্তা (Subject) নিজে কাজটি সম্পাদন করে। এখানে ক্রিয়াটি কর্তার কাজের উপর জোর দেয়।

• গঠন: Subject + Verb + Object
• উদাহরণ: She writes a letter. (সে একটি চিঠি লেখে।)
• ব্যাখ্যা: এখানে "She" (কর্তা) নিজে "writes" (ক্রিয়া) সম্পাদন করছে এবং "a letter" হলো কর্ম (Object)।

২. প্যাসিভ ভয়েস (Passive Voice)

প্যাসিভ ভয়েসে, কর্তার উপর কাজটি সম্পাদিত হয়। এখানে কর্ম (Object) বা কাজের ফলাফলের উপর জোর দেওয়া হয়।

• গঠন: Subject (যিনি আগে Object ছিলেন) + Form of "to be" + Past Participle of Main Verb + (by + Agent, ঐচ্ছিক)
• উদাহরণ: A letter is written by her. (একটি চিঠি তার দ্বারা লেখা হয়।)
• ব্যাখ্যা: এখানে "A letter" (যিনি আগে Object ছিল) এখন Subject, এবং ক্রিয়াটি "is written" হয়েছে। "by her" ঐচ্ছিক, যা কাজটি কে করেছে তা নির্দেশ করে।

অ্যাকটিভ এবং প্যাসিভ ভয়েসের মধ্যে পার্থক্য

বিষয়	অ্যাকটিভ ভয়েস	প্যাসিভ ভয়েস
জোর দেওয়া হয়	কর্তার উপর	কর্ম বা ফলাফলের উপর
গঠন	Subject + Verb + Object	Subject + Form of "to be" + Past Participle + (by + Agent)
উদাহরণ	He plays football. (সে ফুটবল খেলে।)	Football is played by him. (ফুটবল তার দ্বারা খেলা হয়।)

প্যাসিভ ভয়েসের গঠন বিভিন্ন কালে (Tenses)

প্যাসিভ ভয়েস গঠনের জন্য "to be" ক্রিয়ার রূপ এবং মূল ক্রিয়ার Past Participle ব্যবহৃত হয়। নিচে বিভিন্ন কালে এর গঠন দেওয়া হলো:

• Present Simple: is/am/are + Past Participle
  উদাহরণ: The room is cleaned. (ঘরটি পরিষ্কার করা হয়।)
• Past Simple: was/were + Past Participle
  উদাহরণ: The room was cleaned. (ঘরটি পরিষ্কার করা হয়েছিল।)
• Future Simple: will be + Past Participle
  উদাহরণ: The room will be cleaned. (ঘরটি পরিষ্কার করা হবে।)
• Present Continuous: is/am/are being + Past Participle
  উদাহরণ: The room is being cleaned. (ঘরটি পরিষ্কার করা হচ্ছে।)
• Past Continuous: was/were being + Past Participle
  উদাহরণ: The room was being cleaned. (ঘরটি পরিষ্কার করা হচ্ছিল।)
• Present Perfect: has/have been + Past Participle
  উদাহরণ: The room has been cleaned. (ঘরটি পরিষ্কার করা হয়েছে।)
• Past Perfect: had been + Past Participle
  উদাহরণ: The room had been cleaned. (ঘরটি পরিষ্কার করা হয়েছিল।)

কখন প্যাসিভ ভয়েস ব্যবহার করা হয়?

1. যখন কর্ম (Object) বা কাজের ফলাফলের উপর জোর দেওয়া প্রয়োজন। উদাহরণ: The book was published in 2020. (বইটি ২০২০ সালে প্রকাশিত হয়েছিল।)
2. যখন কর্তা (Agent) অজানা বা গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নয়। উদাহরণ: The car was stolen. (গাড়িটি চুরি হয়েছিল।)
3. যখন আনুষ্ঠানিক বা বৈজ্ঞানিক লেখায় জোর দেওয়া হয়। উদাহরণ: The experiment was conducted carefully. (পরীক্ষাটি সাবধানে পরিচালিত হয়েছিল।)

সতর্কতা

সব ক্রিয়া প্যাসিভ ভয়েসে রূপান্তর করা যায় না। যেসব ক্রিয়ার কোনো কর্ম (Object) থাকে না, যেমন Intransitive Verbs (যেমন: sleep, run), সেগুলো প্যাসিভ ভয়েসে রূপান্তর করা যায় না। উদাহরণ: "He sleeps." এর কোনো প্যাসিভ ফর্ম নেই।

অ্যাকটিভ থেকে প্যাসিভে রূপান্তরের নিয়ম

1. অ্যাকটিভ বাক্যের কর্ম (Object) প্যাসিভ বাক্যের কর্তা (Subject) হয়।
2. মূল ক্রিয়ার Past Participle রূপ ব্যবহার করা হয়।
3. "to be" ক্রিয়ার উপযুক্ত রূপ যোগ করা হয়।
4. অ্যাকটিভ বাক্যের কর্তা (Subject) প্যাসিভ বাক্যে "by" প্রিপোজিশনের সাথে Agent হিসেবে যোগ করা হয় (ঐচ্ছিক)।

উদাহরণ:
অ্যাকটিভ: She reads a book.
প্যাসিভ: A book is read by her.

Active থেকে Passive Voice করার সম্পূর্ণ নিয়ম

Rule 1: Basic Structure

1. a. Active voice-এর subject passive voice-এর object-এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।
   Active voice’s subject is changed to passive voice’s object.
2. b. Active voice-এর object passive voice-এর subject-এ রূপান্তরিত হয়।
   Active voice’s object is changed to passive voice’s subject.
3. c. মূল verb-এর past participle ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং auxiliary verb/ be verb নির্বাচন করা হয় subject এবং tense অনুযায়ী।
   Main verb’s past participle is used, and auxiliary verb/ be verb is chosen according to subject and tense.
4. Example:
   I write poems. (Active)
   Poems are written by me. (Passive)

Rule 2: Passive Voice in Tenses

Indefinite Tense

• Present: Object’s subject + am/is/are + Verb’s past participle + by + subject’s object
  Example:
  She praises me. → I am praised by her.
  I praise her. → She is praised by me.
• Past: Object’s subject + was/were + Verb’s past participle + by + subject’s object
  Example:
  She praised me. → I was praised by her.
  She praised them. → They were praised by her.
• Future: Object’s subject + shall be/will be + Verb’s past participle + by + subject’s object
  Example:
  She will praise me. → I shall be praised by her.
  She will praise him. → He will be praised by her.

Continuous Tense

• Present: Object’s subject + am/is/are being + Verb’s past participle + by + subject’s object
  Example:
  She is praising me. → I am being praised by her.
  She is praising him. → He is being praised by her.
• Past: Object’s subject + was/were being + Verb’s past participle + by + subject’s object
  Example:
  She was praising me. → I was being praised by her.
• Future: Object’s subject + shall be being/will be being + Verb’s past participle + by + subject’s object
  Example:
  She will be praising me. → I shall be being praised by her.

Perfect Tense

• Present: Object’s subject + has/have been + Verb’s past participle + by + subject’s object
  Example:
  She has praised him. → He has been praised by her.
• Past: Object’s subject + had been + Verb’s past participle + by + subject’s object
  Example:
  She had praised me. → I had been praised by her.
• Future: Object’s subject + shall have been/will have been + Verb’s past participle + by + subject’s object
  Example:
  She will have praised me. → I shall have been praised by her.

Rule 3: Modals in Passive

Object’s subject + may/might/can/could/must/ought to/going to + be + Verb’s past participle + by + subject’s object

• You must write the poem. → The poem must be written by you.
• She may help you. → You may be helped by her.
• We are going to organize a party. → A party is going to be organized by us.

Rule 4: Imperative Sentences

• Let + Object’s subject + be + Verb’s past participle
  Write the article. → Let the article be written.
• Let not + Object’s subject + be + Verb’s past participle (for negative)
  Do not write the article. → Let not the article be written.
• Let + Object’s subject + be + Verb’s past participle + personal object
  Let me write the article. → Let the article be written by me.
• Let not + Object’s subject + ever be + Verb’s past participle (for “Never” sentence)
  Never deceive anyone. → Let not anyone ever be deceived.

Rule 5: Interrogative Sentences

• Interrogative Sentence → Assertive → Passive → Aux verb at start → Interrogative Passive
  Have you written the article? → You have written the article → The article has been written by you → Has the article been written by you?
• Who → By whom + Aux verb + Object’s subject + Verb’s past participle?
  Who is writing the poem? → By whom is the poem being written?
• Whom → Who + Aux verb + Verb’s past participle + by + Subject?
  Whom did you recommend? → Who was recommended by you?
• What → Aux verb + Verb’s past participle + by + Subject?
  What does he need? → What is needed by him?

Rule 6: Present participle + Object

Active: Subject + Verb + Object + Present participle → Passive: Object’s subject + Aux verb + Verb’s past participle + present participle + by + Subject

Example: I saw him performing the dance. → He was seen performing the dance by me.

Rule 7: Double Object

Object-এর যেকোনটি Subject হিসেবে নেয়া হয়।

Example: I gave her a dress. → She was given a dress by me.

Rule 8: Complex/Compound Sentences

উভয় clause-এর voice পরিবর্তন করা হয়।

Example: I know that he sang the song. → It is known to me that the song was sung by him.

Note: “People say” শুরু হলে → Passive: “It is said that”

Example: People say that Dhaka is the city of mosques. → It is said that Dhaka is the city of mosques.

Rule 9: Intransitive Verb + Preposition

Rule: সাধারণত intransitive verb-এর passive হয় না। তবে, যদি intransitive verb-এর পরে preposition যুক্ত হয়ে একটি group verb তৈরি করে এবং এটি transitive verb-এর মত ব্যবহার হয়, তখন passive করা যায়।

Structure: Object (active subject) + Aux verb (tense অনুযায়ী) + Verb's past participle + Preposition + by + Subject (active object)

Examples:
Active: The boy took care of the parrots.
Passive: The parrots were taken care of by the boy.
Active: She looked after the children.
Passive: The children were looked after by her.

Rule 10: Reflexive Object

Rule: Active voice-এ যদি Reflexive Object থাকে যেমন myself, yourself, himself, etc., passive voice-এর ক্ষেত্রে subject + tense অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb + past participle + by + Reflexive Object

Structure: Same subject + Aux verb + V3 + by + Reflexive Object

Examples:
Active: He mocked himself.
Passive: He was mocked by himself.
Active: She blamed herself.
Passive: She was blamed by herself.

Rule 11: Factitive / Complementary Object

Rule: কিছু transitive verbs যেমন call, make, name, nominate, elect, select, পূর্ণ অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে অতিরিক্ত object ব্যবহার করলে সেটিকে Factitive/Complementary Object বলে।

Structure: Object (personal) + Aux verb (tense অনুযায়ী) + V3 + Factitive Object + by + Subject

Examples:
Active: They made me a moderator.
Passive: I was made a moderator by them.
Active: She named her son Arif.
Passive: Her son was named Arif by her.

Rule 12: Cognate Object

Rule: কিছু intransitive verbs কিছু সাহায্যকারী object ব্যবহার করে transitive verb-এর মতো আচরণ করে। এই object-গুলোকে Cognate Object বলে।

Structure: Object + Aux verb (tense অনুযায়ী) + V3 + by + Subject

Examples:
Active: He wrote a poem.
Passive: A poem was written by him.
Active: She sang a song.
Passive: A song was sung by her.

Rule 13: Infinitive

Rule: Active voice-এর subject + main verb + infinitive এর পর object + to be + infinitive এর verb-এর past participle

Structure: Subject + Main verb + object (after infinitive, if any) + to be + V3

Examples:
Active: He wants you to give a speech.
Passive: He wants a speech to be given.
Active: She expects him to complete the work.
Passive: She expects the work to be completed by him.

Rule 14: Gerund Combinations

Rule: কিছু verbs যেমন suggest/recommend/advise/propose + gerund + object-যুক্ত active voice-এর ক্ষেত্রে passive voice: gerund object → should be + past participle

Structure: Subject + Main verb + that + object after gerund + should be + V3

Examples:
Active: He proposed watching the movie.
Passive: He proposed that the movie should be watched.
Active: She recommended reading the book.
Passive: She recommended that the book should be read.

Rule 15: Infinitive with Determine / Decide / Arrange

Rule: Active voice-এ determine/arrange/decide/be anxious + infinitive + object থাকলে passive voice-এ: object → should be + past participle

Structure: Subject + Main verb + that + object (after infinitive) + should be + V3

Examples:
Active: He decided to prepare the proposal.
Passive: He decided that the proposal should be prepared.
Active: She arranged to send the letters.
Passive: She arranged that the letters should be sent.

Rule 16: One + should

Rule: সাধারণ নির্দেশ বা নিয়মসূচক বাক্যে One + should ব্যবহার হলে passive voice: object + should be + past participle

Structure: Object + should be + V3

Examples:
Active: One should perform one’s prayers.
Passive: Prayers should be performed.
Active: One should maintain discipline.
Passive: Discipline should be maintained.

Rule 17: Negative Sentences

Rule: Active sentence-এর negative form passive sentence-এ রূপান্তরিত করতে, "not" কে auxiliary verb-এর সাথে বসানো হয়।

Structure: Object + Aux verb + not + V3 + by + Subject

Examples:
Active: He does not write letters.
Passive: Letters are not written by him.
Active: She did not complete the work.
Passive: The work was not completed by her.

Rule 18: Question Sentences (Wh-questions)

Rule: Wh-question (Who, Whom, What, Which) → Active → Assertive → Passive → Aux verb at start + Object + V3 + by + Subject + ?

Examples:
Active: Who wrote this book?
Passive: By whom was this book written?
Active: Whom did you meet yesterday?
Passive: Who was met by you yesterday?

Rule 19: Compound Verbs (Phrasal Verbs)

Rule: Phrasal verb-এর ক্ষেত্রে preposition preserve করতে হবে passive voice-এ।

Structure: Object + Aux verb + V3 + Preposition + by + Subject

Examples:
Active: She looked after the children.
Passive: The children were looked after by her.
Active: They put off the meeting.
Passive: The meeting was put off by them.

Rule 20: Causative Verbs (Have / Get)

Rule: Causative verbs-এর ক্ষেত্রে passive voice: object + have/get + past participle

Examples:
Active: She had him clean the room.
Passive: The room was had cleaned by her.
Active: I will get them to finish the work.
Passive: The work will be gotten finished by them.

Rule 21: Passive with “It + is/was said / believed / thought”

Rule: সাধারণ বাক্যে যেমন “People say…” passive voice-এ It is said that… ব্যবহার হয়।

Examples:
Active: People say that he is honest.
Passive: It is said that he is honest.
Active: People believe that Dhaka is the city of mosques.
Passive: It is believed that Dhaka is the city of mosques.

Rule 22: Passive with “Let” + object + be + V3

Rule: Imperative sentence-এ “Let” থাকে passive voice-এ: Let + object + be + V3

Examples:
Active: Let him write the article.
Passive: Let the article be written by him.
Active: Let us complete the assignment.
Passive: Let the assignment be completed by us.

Rule 23: Passive in Indirect Speech

Rule: Reported speech-এ active → passive রূপান্তর করা যায় tense এবং subject অনুযায়ী।

Examples:
Direct: She said, "I will complete the work."
Indirect Passive: She said that the work would be completed by her.
Direct: He said, "I have written the letter."
Indirect Passive: He said that the letter had been written by him.

Rule 24: Passive with “Help”

Rule: “help” + object + infinitive (to/without to) active voice-এ → passive voice: object + be + past participle

Examples:
Active: She helped me to complete the task.
Passive: I was helped to complete the task by her.
Active: They helped him complete the work.
Passive: He was helped to complete the work by them.

Rule 25: Passive with “Make / Let / Have” in causative sense

Rule: Causative verbs যেগুলো কাউকে কোনো কাজ করায়, passive voice-এ object → be + V3 + by + Subject

Examples:
Active: The teacher made the students write essays.
Passive: The students were made to write essays by the teacher.
Active: She let him enter the room.
Passive: He was let enter the room by her.
Active: I had him repair the car.
Passive: The car was had repaired by me.

Rule 26: Passive with “There is / There are”

Rule: “There is / There are” structures-এ subject-এর পরিবর্তন passive voice-এ object-এর উপর হয়।

Examples:
Active: There is a man in the room.
Passive: A man is in the room.
Active: There are many students in the class.
Passive: Many students are in the class.

Rule 27: Passive with Modal Perfect (Modal + Have + V3)

Rule: Active voice-এর modal + perfect tense passive voice-এ: Object + modal + have been + V3 + by + Subject

Examples:
Active: She must have completed the work.
Passive: The work must have been completed by her.
Active: They could have repaired the car.
Passive: The car could have been repaired by them.

Rule 28: Passive with Continuous Perfect Tenses

Rule: Perfect Continuous tense-এর passive voice rare, তবে structure: Object + have/has/had + been + being + V3 + by + Subject

Examples:
Active: She has been teaching the students.
Passive: The students have been being taught by her.
Active: They had been preparing the project.
Passive: The project had been being prepared by them.

Rule 29: Passive with “Used to”

Rule: Active voice with “used to” → Passive voice: Object + used to be + V3 + by + Subject

Examples:
Active: People used to celebrate this festival.
Passive: This festival used to be celebrated by people.
Active: They used to build houses here.
Passive: Houses used to be built here by them.

Rule 30: Passive with “Let + Object + Infinitive” in negative form

Rule: Active: Let + not + object + verb → Passive: Let not + object + be + V3

Examples:
Active: Let not anyone disturb the class.
Passive: Let not the class be disturbed by anyone.
Active: Let us not forget our duties.
Passive: Let our duties not be forgotten by us.

Rule 31: Passive with “It + seems / appears”

Rule: Impersonal verbs like “seem / appear” active → passive: Object + seems / appears + to be + V3

Examples:
Active: It seems that they have completed the work.
Passive: The work seems to be completed by them.
Active: It appears that she is managing the office.
Passive: The office appears to be managed by her.

Rule 32: Passive with “as if / as though” clauses

Rule: Active voice clause with “as if / as though” → Passive: Object + be + V3 + as if / as though + Subject + V2 / V3 (tense accordingly)

Examples:
Active: He behaves as if he owns the company.
Passive: The company is behaved as if it is owned by him.
Active: She acts as though she knows everything.
Passive: Everything is acted as though it is known by her.

Active → Passive Voice Quick Reference Table

Rule No.	Rule/Description	Structure	Example (Active → Passive)
1	Basic Subject-Object Transformation	Object (Active Subject) + be + Past Participle + by + Subject (Active Object)	I write poems. → Poems are written by me. She praises me. → I am praised by her.
2	Indefinite Tense	Present: Object + am/is/are + V3 + by + Subject Past: Object + was/were + V3 + by + Subject Future: Object + shall/will be + V3 + by + Subject	She praises me. → I am praised by her. She praised me. → I was praised by her. She will praise me. → I shall be praised by her.
3	Continuous Tense	Present: Object + am/is/are being + V3 + by + Subject Past: Object + was/were being + V3 + by + Subject Future: Object + shall/will be being + V3 + by + Subject	She is praising me. → I am being praised by her. She was praising me. → I was being praised by her. She will be praising me. → I shall be being praised by her.
4	Perfect Tense	Present: Object + has/have been + V3 + by + Subject Past: Object + had been + V3 + by + Subject Future: Object + shall/will have been + V3 + by + Subject	She has praised him. → He has been praised by her. She had praised me. → I had been praised by her. She will have praised me. → I shall have been praised by her.
5	Modals (can, may, must, ought to)	Object + modal + be + V3 + by + Subject	You must write the poem. → The poem must be written by you. She may help you. → You may be helped by her.
6	Imperative Sentences	Let + Object + be + V3 (for positive) Let not + Object + be + V3 (for negative) Let + Object + be + V3 + personal object	Write the article. → Let the article be written. Do not write the article. → Let not the article be written. Let me write the article. → Let the article be written by me.
7	Interrogative Sentences	Interrogative → Assertive → Passive → Aux verb at start + Object + V3 + by + Subject + ?	Have you written the article? → The article has been written by you? Who is writing the poem? → By whom is the poem being written?
8	Present Participle + Object	Object + Aux verb + V3 + Present participle + by + Subject	I saw him performing the dance. → He was seen performing the dance by me.
9	Double Object	One object as Subject + Aux verb + V3 + other object + by + Subject	I gave her a dress. → She was given a dress by me.
10	Complex/Compound Sentences	Both clauses’ voices are changed	I know that he sang the song. → It is known to me that the song was sung by him. People say that Dhaka is the city of mosques. → It is said that Dhaka is the city of mosques.
11	Intransitive Verb + Preposition	Object + Aux verb + V3 + preposition + by + Subject	The boy took care of the parrots. → The parrots were taken care of by the boy.
12	Reflexive Object	Same Subject + Aux verb + V3 + by + Reflexive Object	He mocked himself. → He was mocked by himself.
13	Factitive / Complementary Object	Object (personal) + Aux verb + V3 + factitive object + by + Subject	They made me a moderator. → I was made a moderator by them.
14	Cognate Object	Object + Aux verb + V3 + by + Subject	He wrote a poem. → A poem was written by him.
15	Infinitive	Subject + main verb + object (after infinitive) + to be + V3 (infinitive)	He wants you to give a speech. → He wants a speech to be given.
16	Gerund Combinations	Subject + main verb + that + object after gerund + should be + V3	He proposed watching the movie. → He proposed that the movie should be watched.
17	Infinitive with Decide/Arrange/Determine	Subject + main verb + that + object after infinitive + should be + V3	He decided to prepare the proposal. → He decided that the proposal should be prepared.
18	One + Should	Object + should be + V3	One should perform prayers. → Prayers should be performed.